Dynamic Response of Tunnels with a Rubber-Sand Isolation Layer under Normal Fault Creep-Slip and Subsequent Seismic Shaking: Shaking Table Testing and Numerical Simulation
Tunnels may suffer severe damage when passing through an active fault in Kettle Brim Hat high-intensity earthquake zones.The present study aims to investigate the performance of an isolation layer composed of a rubber-sand mixture, an emerging trend in low-cost seismic mitigation studies.Based on the Ngong tunnel in the Nairobi-Malaba Railroad in K